Disparities in Wealth and Development: key words

GNI	Gross national income (now used in preference to GDP or GNP). The total value of goods and services produced within a country (= GDP) +/- balance of income and payments from or to other countries. It is often calculated at PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) for better comparison between different countries
HDI	Human Development Index (created in 1990), developed by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in 1990. Composite index ranging from 0.000 to 1.000 measuring development using the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life (life expectancy), access to knowledge (mea years of schooling + expected years of schooling) and a decent standard of living (GNI (PPP)/capita)
IHDI	Inequality-Adjusted HDI: under perfect equality the HDI and the IHDI are equal. When there is inequality in the distribution of health, education and income, the HDI of an average person in a society is less than the aggregate HDI; the lower the IHDI (and the greater the difference between it and the HDI), the greater the inequality
GII	Gender Inequality Index: measures gender inequality based on the HDI in the labor market (% female in labor market), female empowerment (parliamentary representation + females in high school and college) and reproductive health (maternal mortality + adolescent fertility)
GEM	The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) is a measure of inequalities between men's and women's opportunities in a country. It combines inequalities in three areas: political participation and decision making, economic participation and decision making, and power over economic resources.
MPI	Multidimensional Poverty Index (created in 2010): measures poverty looking at health (nutrition + child mortality), education (years of schooling + % of children in school) and living standards (cooking fuel, toilets, running water, electricity, floor, assets)
HPI	Human Poverty Index is calculated differently for developing countries (LEDCs) and developed countries (MEDCs): HPI-1 (LEDCs): combines probability at birth of not surviving age 40 + adult illiteracy + % without access to safe water + % underweight children under 5 HPI-2 (MEDCs): combines probability at birth of not surviving age 60 + functional adult illiteracy + % below poverty line (< 50% of median income) + % long-term unemployment
Education Index	Combines adult literacy rate + enrolment in primary/secondary/tertiary education
Gini Coefficient	The Gini coefficient is a measure of the inequality of a distribution, comparing the ideal distribution of income with the Lorenz Curve (which plots the proportion of the total income of the population (y axis) that is cumulatively earned by the bottom x% of the population). A value of 0 expresses total equality and a value of 1 expresses maximal inequality.
LDC	48 Least Developed Countries (see map), meeting the following 3 criteria: Low-income (three-year average GNI per capita of less than US $905, which must exceed $1,086 to leave the list) Human resource weakness (based on indicators of nutrition, health, education and adult literacy) and Economic vulnerability (based on instability of agricultural production, instability of exports of goods and services, economic importance of non-traditional activities, merchandise export concentration, handicap of economic smallness, and the percentage of population displaced by natural disasters)
Failed State	The term failed state is often used by political commentators and journalists to describe a state perceived as having failed at some of the basic conditions and responsibilities of a sovereign government. In order to make this definition more precise, the following attributes, proposed by the Fund for Peace, are often used to characterize a failed state: Loss of control of its territory, or of the monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force therein (e.g. D.R. of Congo) Erosion of legitimate authority to make collective decisions (e.g. Iraq) An inability to provide public services (e.g. Haiti) An inability to interact with other states as a full member of the international community (e,g. Somalia) Examples: Somalia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Haiti, D.R. of Congo, Zimbabwe, Iraq, etc
Millenium Development Goals	The 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) – which range from halving extreme poverty to halting the spread of HIV/AIDS and providing universal primary education, all by the target date of 2015 – form a blueprint agreed to by all the world’s countries and all the world’s leading development institutions. They have galvanized unprecedented efforts to meet the needs of the world’s poorest.
Informal Economy	The informal economy is the part of an economy that is not taxed, monitored by any form of government, or included in any gross national product (GNP), unlike the formal economy. In developing countries, up to 70% of the potential working population earn their living in the informal sector, which can lead to an underestimated value of GNP https://sites.google.com/site/geographyfais/paper-1-core/disparities-in-wealth-and-development